Clinical References and Downloads

Downloadable clinical resources

White, J (2013) A Clinician's guide to Australian venomous bites and stings: Incorporating the updated CSL antivenom handbook. CSL Limited (Australia).
World Health Organization (2016) Guidelines for the Management of Snakebites, 2nd Ed. WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia
World Health Organization (2010) Guidelines for the Prevention and Clinical Management of Snakebite in Africa. WHO Regional Office for Africa

First aid references

Australian Resuscitation Council Guidelines, First Aid Guidelines - Section 9.4: Envenomation. Accessed 01 Nov 2019.
Sutherland SK, Coulter AR, Harris RD. The rationalization of first aid measures for elapid snake bite. Lancet 1979;1: 183-6.
Sutherland SK, Coulter AR, Harris RD, Lovering KE, Roberts ID. A study of the major Australian snake venoms in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis). 1. The movement of injected venom, methods which retard this movement, and the response to antivenoms. Pathol 1981;13: 13-27.
Cox JC, Moisidis AV, Shepherd JM, Drane DP, Jones SL. A novel format for a rapid sandwich EIA and its application to the identification of snake venoms and enteric viral pathogens. J Immunol Methods 1992;146: 293-294.
Howarth DM, Southee AE, Whyte IM. Lymphatic flow rates and first-aid in simulated peripheral snake or spider envenomation. Med J Aust 1994;161: 695-700.
Sutherland SK, King K. Management of snake bite in Australia. Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia Monograph Series No.1. 1991.
Sutherland SK, Leonard RL. Snake bite deaths in Australia 1992-1994 and a management update. Med J Aust 1995;163: 616-618.
Sutherland SK, Duncan AW. New first-aid measures of envenomation: with special reference to bites by the Sydney Funnel-web spider (Atrax robustus). Med J Aust 1980;1: 378-9.
Hartwick R, Callanan V, Williamson J. Disarming the box-jellyfish. Nematocyst inhibition in Chironex fleckeri. Med J Aust 1980;1: 15-20.
Exton DR, Fenner PJ, Williamson JA. Cold packs: Effective topical analgesia in the treatment of painful stings by Physalia and other Jellyfish. Med J Aust 1989;151: 625-6.

General references on envenoming

Welton RE, Williams DJ and Liew D. Injury trends from envenoming in Australia, 2000-2013. Intern Med J. 2017;45: 170-176
Cogger HG. Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia. AH and AW Reed, Sydney. 1983.
Covacevich J, Davie P, Pearn J. (Eds) Toxic Plants and Animals: A Guide for Australia. Brisbane: Queensland Museum. 1987.
Edmonds C. Dangerous Marine Creatures. Reed Books, Frenchs Forest, NSW. 1989.
Gow GF. Snakes of Australia. Angus and Robertson, Sydney. 1976. Mascord R. Australian Spiders in Colour. AH and AW Reed, Sydney. 1983.
Meier, J. and White, J. Handbook of Clinical Toxinology.
Mirtschin P, Davies R. Snakes of Australia: Dangerous and Harmless. Hill of Content, Melbourne. 1992.
Morrison JJ, Pearn JH, Covacevich J, Nixon J. Can Australians identify snakes? Med J Aust 1983;2: 66-70.
Sutherland SK. Australian Animal Toxins: the creatures, their toxins and care of the poisoned patient. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1983;
Sutherland SK. Venomous Creatures of Australia. Oxford University Press, Melbourne. 1994.
Tibballs J. Diagnosis and treatment of confirmed and suspected snake bite: implications from an analysis of 46 paediatric cases. Med J Aust 1992;156: 270-274.
Tidswell F. Researches on Australian venoms, snake-bite, snake venom and antivenine, the poison of the Platypus, the poison of the red-spotted spider. N.S.W. Department of Public Health, Sydney 1906.
Underhill D. Australia's Dangerous Creatures. Reader's Digest. 1987. Weigel J. Guide to the Snakes of South-East Australia. Australian Reptile Park, Gosford. 1990.